6.4. Nahrání chybějícího firmwaru

Jak je zmíněno v 2.2 – „Ovladače vyžadující firmware“, některá zařízení vyžadují pro svou práci kromě ovladače zařízení také firmware. Ve většině případů znamená chybějící firmware nefunkční zařízení. Existují však výjimky, kdy zařízení bez firmwaru funguje alespoň v základním režimu a firmware je potřeba až pro povolení speciálních vlastností.

Starting with Debian GNU/Linux 12.0, following the 2022 General Resolution about non-free firmware, official installation images (like netinst) can include non-free firmware packages. Even with those firmware packages available, some firmware files might still be missing. Or one might be using netboot files, which don't include firmware packages.

Pokud ovladač zařízení vyžaduje firmware, který není k dispozici, debian-installer nabídne jeho nahrání z výměnných médií. Budete-li souhlasit, debian-installer prozkoumá dostupná zařízení, na kterých hledá buď samotné soubory s firmwarem, nebo balíky obsahující firmware. Je-li firmware nalezen, nakopíruje se do /lib/firmware a příslušný modul je znovu zaveden.

[Poznámka] Poznámka

Which devices are scanned and which file systems are supported depends on the architecture, the installation method and the stage of the installation. Especially during the early stages of the installation, loading the firmware is most likely to succeed from a FAT-formatted USB stick. On i386 and amd64 firmware can also be loaded from an MMC or SD card.

Pokud víte, že zařízení není pro instalaci potřeba, nebo pokud zařízení funguje i bez firmwaru, můžete zavedení firmwaru přeskočit.

6.4.1. Příprava média

The most common method to load such firmware is from some removable medium such as a USB stick. To prepare a USB stick (or other medium like a hard drive partition), the firmware files or packages must be placed in either the root directory or a directory named /firmware of the file system on the medium. The recommended file system to use is FAT as that is most certain to be supported during the early stages of the installation.

Tarballs and zip files containing current packages for the most common firmware, and the associated metadata to ensure a proper detection by the installer (dep11 directory), are available from:

Just download the tarball or zip file for the correct release and unpack it to the file system on the medium.

Na médium je také možné zkopírovat jednotlivé soubory s firmwarem (tzn. ne balíky). Takovéto soubory můžete obvykle získat z již instalovaného systému, nebo od dodavatele hardwaru.

6.4.2. Firmware a instalovaný systém

Any firmware loaded during the installation will be copied automatically to the installed system. In most cases this will ensure that the device that requires the firmware will also work correctly after the system is rebooted into the installed system. However, if the installed system runs a different kernel version than the installer, there is a slight chance that the firmware cannot be loaded due to version skew.

If the firmware was loaded from a firmware package, debian-installer will also install this package for the installed system and will automatically add the non-free-firmware section of the package archive in APT's sources.list. This has the advantage that the firmware should be updated automatically if a new version becomes available.

Jestliže jste při instalaci přeskočili možnost nahrání firmwaru, nebude dané zařízení nejspíš fungovat ani v nainstalovaném systému. Pro jeho zprovoznění budete muset doinstalovat firmware ručně.

[Poznámka] Poznámka

If the firmware was loaded from loose firmware files, the firmware copied to the installed system will not be automatically updated unless the corresponding firmware package (if available) is installed after the installation is completed.

6.4.3. Completing the Installed System

Depending on how the installation was performed, it might be that the need for some firmware was not detected during installation, that the relevant firmware was not available, or that one chose not to install some firmware at that time. In some cases, a successful installation can still end up in a black screen or a garbled display when rebooting into the installed system. When that happens, the following workarounds can be tried:

  • Pass the nomodeset option on the kernel command line. This might help boot into a fallback graphics mode.

  • Use the Ctrl+Alt+F2 key combination to switch to VT2, which might offer a functional login prompt.