debian-installer 首先要做的一件事是檢測有效的記憶體。如果記憶體有限，該元件將修改後續的安裝進程，使您可以將 Debian GNU/Linux 安裝到您的系統上。

The first measure taken to reduce memory consumption by the installer is to disable translations, which means that the installation can only be done in English. Of course, you can still localize the installed system after the installation has completed.

If that is not sufficient, the installer will further reduce memory consumption by loading only those components essential to complete a basic installation. This reduces the functionality of the installation system. You will be given the opportunity to load additional components manually, but you should be aware that each component you select will use additional memory and thus may cause the installation to fail.

If the installer runs in low memory mode, it is recommended to create a relatively large swap partition (1–2GB). The swap partition will be used as virtual memory and thus increases the amount of memory available to the system. The installer will activate the swap partition as early as possible in the installation process. Note that heavy use of swap will reduce performance of your system and may lead to high disk activity.

Despite these measures, it is still possible that your system freezes, that unexpected errors occur or that processes are killed by the kernel because the system runs out of memory (which will result in “Out of memory” messages on VT4 and in the syslog).

For example, it has been reported that creating a big ext3 file system fails in low memory mode when there is insufficient swap space. If a larger swap doesn't help, try creating the file system as ext2 (which is an essential component of the installer) instead. It is possible to change an ext2 partition to ext3 after the installation.

It is possible to force the installer to use a higher lowmem level than the one based on available memory by using the boot parameter “lowmem” as described in 節 5.3.2, “Debian 安裝程式的參數”.

In most cases the first questions you will be asked concern the selection of localization options to be used both for the installation and for the installed system. The localization options consist of language, location and locales.

您選擇的語言將用於接下來的安裝過程，對話框已經有各種語言翻譯的版本。如果選擇的語言沒有對應翻譯的版本，安裝將預設使用英文。選擇的語言也將助於選擇一個合適的鍵盤配置。

The selected geographic location (in most cases a country) will be used later in the installation process to select the correct time zone and a Debian mirror appropriate for that country. Language and country together will help determine the default locale for your system and select the correct keyboard layout.

首先您將會被要求選擇您偏好的語言。語言清單中，各語言名稱將以英文列出 (左邊)，而語言本身將以適當的文字則列於右邊。清單以英文名稱排序。清單的頂端是一個額外的 “C” 地區選項，選擇 “C” 將使得安裝程序以英文進行；locales 軟體套件將不會安裝在安裝好的系統中，因此系統也不會支援任何地區設定。

Next you will be asked to select your geographic location. If you selected a language that is recognized as an official language for more than one country^[4], you will be shown a list of only those countries. To select a country that is not in that list, choose other (the last option). You will then be presented with a list of continents; selecting a continent will lead to a list of relevant countries on that continent.

If the language has only one country associated with it, a list of countries will be displayed for the continent or region the country belongs to, with that country selected as the default. Use the Go Back option to select countries on a different continent.

	注意
	It is important to select the country where you live or where you are located as it determines the time zone that will be configured for the installed system.

If you selected a combination of language and country for which no locale is defined and there exist multiple locales for the language, then the installer will allow you to choose which of those locales you prefer as the default locale for the installed system^[5]. In all other cases a default locale will be selected based on the selected language and country.

Any default locale selected as described in the previous paragraph will use UTF-8 as character encoding.

If you are installing at low priority, you will have the option of selecting additional locales, including so-called “legacy” locales^[6], to be generated for the installed system; if you do, you will be asked which of the selected locales should be the default for the installed system.

鍵盤經常因不同語言使用的字元不同而有不同的配置。選擇一個適合您鍵盤的配置，或者為沒出現的配置選擇一個接近的。一旦系統安裝完畢，您可以從更大的範圍您選擇鍵盤配置 (在安裝完之後用 root 執行 dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration)。

Move the highlight to the keyboard selection you desire and press Enter. Use the arrow keys to move the highlight — they are in the same place in all national language keyboard layouts, so they are independent of the keyboard configuration.

當使用 hd-media 方式安裝，將會有尋找和掛載 Debian 安裝程式 iso 映像的動作，用於取得其它的安裝檔案。元件 iso-scan 正是用來完成此任務。

At first, iso-scan automatically mounts all block devices (e.g. partitions and logical volumes) which have some known filesystem on them and sequentially searches for filenames ending with .iso (or .ISO for that matter). Beware that the first attempt scans only files in the root directory and in the first level of subdirectories (i.e. it finds /whatever.iso, /data/whatever.iso, but not /data/tmp/whatever.iso). After an iso image has been found, iso-scan checks its content to determine if the image is a valid Debian iso image or not. In the former case we are done, in the latter iso-scan seeks for another image.

萬一前面嘗試尋找 iso 映像失敗，iso-scan 會詢問您是否原意進行完整的搜索。這次不只查看最上級目錄，而是真正地搜尋整個檔案系統。

如果 iso-scan 找不到您的安裝 iso 映像檔，請重新啟動返回到您以前的作業系統，檢查映像檔名是否正確 (以 .iso結尾)，是否放在一個能被 debian-installer 識別的檔案系統上，是否損壞 (用 checksum 校驗)。有經驗的 Unix 使用者可以在第二個控制台上完成這些動作，而毋須重新啟動。

Note that the partition (or disk) hosting the ISO image can't be reused during the installation process as it will be in use by the installer. To work-around this, and provided that you have enough system memory, the installer can copy the ISO image into RAM before mounting it. This is controlled by the low priority iso-scan/copy_iso_to_ram debconf question (it is only asked if the memory requirement is met).

到了此步驟，如果系統檢測到您有多於網路設備，您將被要求選擇哪個設備是您的主網路介面，例如，您在安裝中要用的那個。其他的網路介面這時不會被設定。您可以在安裝完畢之後去設定額外的介面﹔請參考 interfaces(5) man 頁。

6.3.1.5.2. Manual network configuration

The manual network setup in turn asks you a number of questions about your network, notably IP address, Netmask, Gateway, Name server addresses, and a Hostname. Moreover, if you have a wireless network interface, you will be asked to provide your Wireless ESSID (“wireless network name”) and a WEP key or WPA/WPA2 passphrase. Fill in the answers from 節 3.3, “一些有用的資料”.

注意

Some technical details you might, or might not, find handy: the program assumes the network IP address is the bitwise-AND of your system's IP address and your netmask. The default broadcast address is calculated as the bitwise OR of your system's IP address with the bitwise negation of the netmask. It will also guess your gateway. If you can't find any of these answers, use the offered defaults — if necessary, you can change them by editing /etc/network/interfaces once the system has been installed.

root 帳戶也被稱為超級使用者。系統中的所有安全防護措施對以超級使用者身份登陸者都是無效的。root 帳戶應該僅用來進行系統管理，而且使用時間應該盡可能短。

您所建立的任何密碼都應該包含至少 6 個字元，同時包含大小寫字母，並且最好帶有標點符號等特殊字元。因為超級使用者具有最高權限，因此在您設定 root 密碼時尤其要小心。請避免採用能夠在字典中查到的單詞或者很容易猜測的個人資訊。

如果他人向您索取您的 root 密碼，您也需要特別謹慎。除非您所管理的系統有多位管理員，否則您通常不應該將超級使用者密碼交給別人。

In case you do not specify a password for the “root” user here, this account will be disabled but the sudo package will be installed later to enable administrative tasks to be carried out on the new system. By default, the first user created on the system will be allowed to use the sudo command to become root.

系統會詢問您現在是否希望建立一個普通帳戶。您將使用該帳戶進行日常登陸操作。切記，平時不要使用 root 帳戶登陸或者將其作為個人帳號使用。

為什麼呢？避免使用 root 特權帳戶的一個原因是，它很容易對系統造成無法挽回的破壞。另一個原因是，您有可能被惡意誘使執行特洛伊木馬程式 — 這是一種在您未知的情況下利用超級使用者權限損害系統安全的程式。任何合格的 Unix 系統管理書籍中都會涉及到這一主題 — 如果您不是很瞭解這方面的內容，建議您找一本書進行學習。

您首先會被要求輸入使用者的全名。然後要求輸入使用者帳號名﹔通常為姓之類的即可，並且會成為預設值。最後，您將要求輸入該帳號的密碼。

如果在安裝完畢後您還希望建立其它新帳戶，請使用 adduser 命令。

The partitioner used in debian-installer is fairly versatile. It allows to create many different partitioning schemes, using various partition tables, file systems and advanced block devices.

Exactly which options are available depends mainly on the architecture, but also on other factors. For example, on systems with limited internal memory some options may not be available. Defaults may vary as well. The type of partition table used by default can for example be different for large capacity hard disks than for smaller hard disks. Some options can only be changed when installing at medium or low debconf priority; at higher priorities sensible defaults will be used.

The installer supports various forms of advanced partitioning and use of storage devices, which in many cases can be used in combination.

The following file systems are supported.

The partitioner accepts units as power-of-ten (1 MB = 1000 kB = 1000000 B), as well as power-of-two (1 MiB = 1024 kiB = 1048576 B). Unit prefixes are supported until EB/EiB (exabyte/exbibyte).

If you choose guided partitioning, you may have three options: to create partitions directly on the hard disk (classic method), or to create them using Logical Volume Management (LVM), or to create them using encrypted LVM^[7].

	注意
	The option to use (encrypted) LVM may not be available on all architectures.

When using LVM or encrypted LVM, the installer will create most partitions inside one big partition; the advantage of this method is that partitions inside this big partition can be resized relatively easily later. In the case of encrypted LVM the big partition will not be readable without knowing a special key phrase, thus providing extra security of your (personal) data.

When using encrypted LVM, the installer will also automatically erase the disk by writing random data to it. This further improves security (as it makes it impossible to tell which parts of the disk are in use and also makes sure that any traces of previous installations are erased), but may take some time depending on the size of your disk.

	注意
	If you choose guided partitioning using LVM or encrypted LVM, some changes in the partition table will need to be written to the selected disk while LVM is being set up. These changes effectively erase all data that is currently on the selected hard disk and you will not be able to undo them later. However, the installer will ask you to confirm these changes before they are written to disk.

If you choose guided partitioning (either classic or using (encrypted) LVM) for a whole disk, you will first be asked to select the disk you want to use. Check that all your disks are listed and, if you have several disks, make sure you select the correct one. The order they are listed in may differ from what you are used to. The size of the disks may help to identify them.

Any data on the disk you select will eventually be lost, but you will always be asked to confirm any changes before they are written to the disk. If you have selected the classic method of partitioning, you will be able to undo any changes right until the end; when using (encrypted) LVM this is not possible.

Next, you will be able to choose from the schemes listed in the table below. All schemes have their pros and cons, some of which are discussed in 附錄 C, 為 Debian 分割磁區. If you are unsure, choose the first one. Bear in mind that guided partitioning needs a certain minimal amount of free space to operate with. If you don't give it at least about 1GB of space (depends on chosen scheme), guided partitioning will fail.

If you choose guided partitioning using (encrypted) LVM, the installer will also create a separate /boot partition. The other partitions, including the swap partition, will be created inside the LVM partition.

If you have booted in EFI mode then within the guided partitioning setup there will be an additional partition, formatted as a FAT32 bootable filesystem, for the EFI boot loader. This partition is known as an EFI System Partition (ESP). There is also an additional menu item in the formatting menu to manually set up a partition as an ESP.

在選定了分割區方式後的下一個畫面，您會看到關於自己分割區的一張表格，上面標明了分割區是否將被格式化，將以何種方式格式化，以及它們將被掛載到哪裡的相關資訊。

分割區表格的格式如下：

  SCSI1 (0,0,0) (sda) - 6.4 GB WDC AC36400L
        #1 primary   16.4 MB     ext2       /boot
        #2 primary  551.0 MB     swap       swap
        #3 primary    5.8 GB     ntfs
           pri/log    8.2 MB     FREE SPACE

  SCSI2 (1,0,0) (sdb) - 80.0 GB ST380021A
        #1 primary   15.9 MB     ext3
        #2 primary  996.0 MB     fat16
        #3 primary    3.9 GB     xfs        /home
        #5 logical    6.0 GB    f ext4       /
        #6 logical    1.0 GB     ext3       /var
        #7 logical  498.8 GB     ext3

本例中有兩塊硬碟，它們分別被分割成了幾個分割區。其中，第一塊硬碟上還有些未使用空間。表中，每行列出了分割區編號、其類型、分割區大小、可選的旗標、採用的檔案系統，及其掛載點 (如果有的話)。

This concludes the guided partitioning. If you are satisfied with the generated partition table, you can choose Finish partitioning and write changes to disk from the menu to implement the new partition table (as described at the end of this section). If you are not happy, you can choose to Undo changes to partitions and run guided partitioning again, or modify the proposed changes as described below for manual partitioning.

如果您選擇了手動分割區的話，它的畫面和上面介紹的嚮導式分割區大體上相同。不同之處在於，畫面上顯示的是您目前的分割區列表，而且其中並沒有掛載點的資訊。關於如何手動設置您的分割區表，以及新安裝的 Debian 系統將如何使用這些分割區，這些內容將會在本節的後面談到。

If you select a pristine disk which has neither partitions nor free space on it, you will be asked if a new partition table should be created (this is needed so you can create new partitions). After this, a new line entitled “FREE SPACE” should appear in the table under the selected disk.

If you select some free space, you will have the opportunity to create a new partition. You will have to answer a quick series of questions about its size, type (primary or logical), and location (beginning or end of the free space). After this, you will be presented with a detailed overview of your new partition. The main setting is Use as:, which determines if the partition will have a file system on it, or be used for swap, software RAID, LVM, an encrypted file system, or not be used at all. Other settings include mountpoint, mount options, and bootable flag; which settings are shown depends on how the partition is to be used. If you don't like the preselected defaults, feel free to change them to your liking. E.g. by selecting the option Use as:, you can choose a different filesystem for this partition, including options to use the partition for swap, software RAID, LVM, or not use it at all. When you are satisfied with your new partition, select Done setting up the partition and you will return to partman's main screen.

If you decide you want to change something about your partition, simply select the partition, which will bring you to the partition configuration menu. This is the same screen as is used when creating a new partition, so you can change the same settings. One thing that may not be very obvious at a first glance is that you can resize the partition by selecting the item displaying the size of the partition. Filesystems known to work are at least fat16, fat32, ext2, ext3 and swap. This menu also allows you to delete a partition.

請確保至少分出兩個分割區：其中一個作為 root 檔案系統 (它必須掛載到 /) 另一個用於 swap。若是您忘記了掛載根 (root) 檔案系統的話，partman 會拒絕讓您繼續下面的步驟，直到您改正了這個錯誤。

If you boot in EFI mode but forget to select and format an EFI System Partition, partman will detect this and will not let you continue until you allocate one.

由於 partman 的功能是透過安裝本套件的各模組功能以延伸和擴展，但是具體又因您的系統的架構而有所區別。因此，如果您發現安裝的實際情況與我們所言不符，缺少了某些功能特性，那麼請檢查一下，確保已掛載了所有必須的模組 (例如 partman-ext3、partman-xfs 或者 partman-lvm)。

對分割區設定感到滿意後，就可以選擇分割區選單中的 結束磁碟分割作業並將變更寫入磁碟中 一項。在這之後，會出現一個清單，列出即將在硬碟上進行的所有操作。此時，安裝程式會讓您確認是否就照此設定進行分割。

If you have more than one harddrive^[8] in your computer, you can use partman-md to set up your drives for increased performance and/or better reliability of your data. The result is called Multidisk Device (or after its most famous variant software RAID).

MD 本質上是一組位於部分磁碟上的分割區，組合在一起形成一個 邏輯設備。該設備可以像正常的分割區一樣使用 (例如可以用 partman 格式化，分配掛載點，等等)。

What benefits this brings depends on the type of MD device you are creating. Currently supported are:

To sum it up:

If you want to know more about Software RAID, have a look at Software RAID HOWTO.

為了建立 MD 設備，您需要將欲參與陣列的分割區標記為供 RAID 使用。(透過 partman 命令中的 分割區設定： 選單完成，您應該選擇 用途： → RAID 的物理容量 。)

	注意
	Make sure that the system can be booted with the partitioning scheme you are planning. In general it will be necessary to create a separate file system for /boot when using RAID for the root (/) file system. Most boot loaders (including grub) do support mirrored (not striped!) RAID1, so using for example RAID5 for / and RAID1 for /boot can be an option.

Next, you should choose Configure software RAID from the main partman menu. (The menu will only appear after you mark at least one partition for use as physical volume for RAID.) On the first screen of partman-md simply select Create MD device. You will be presented with a list of supported types of MD devices, from which you should choose one (e.g. RAID1). What follows depends on the type of MD you selected.

It is perfectly possible to have several types of MD at once. For example, if you have three 200 GB hard drives dedicated to MD, each containing two 100 GB partitions, you can combine the first partitions on all three disks into the RAID0 (fast 300 GB video editing partition) and use the other three partitions (2 active and 1 spare) for RAID1 (quite reliable 100 GB partition for /home).

按您的需要設定 MD 設備之後，您可以 結束 partman-md 返回到 partman 去建立 MD 設備的檔案系統並分配掛載點。

如果您做電腦系統管理員工作或者“進階”使用者，您一定遇過磁碟分區 (經常是最重要的那個) 空間不足，同時其他的分割區卻不能平衡使用，然後您不得不被移動檔案或符號鏈結等方法所困擾。

To avoid the described situation you can use Logical Volume Manager (LVM). Simply said, with LVM you can combine your partitions (physical volumes in LVM lingo) to form a virtual disk (so called volume group), which can then be divided into virtual partitions (logical volumes). The point is that logical volumes (and of course underlying volume groups) can span across several physical disks.

Now when you realize you need more space for your old 160GB /home partition, you can simply add a new 300GB disk to the computer, join it with your existing volume group and then resize the logical volume which holds your /home filesystem and voila — your users have some room again on their renewed 460GB partition. This example is of course a bit oversimplified. If you haven't read it yet, you should consult the LVM HOWTO.

LVM setup in debian-installer is quite simple and completely supported inside partman. First, you have to mark the partition(s) to be used as physical volumes for LVM. This is done in the Partition settings menu where you should select Use as: → physical volume for LVM.

警告

Be aware: the new LVM setup will destroy all data on all partitions marked with an LVM type code. So, if you already have an LVM on some of your disks, and want to install Debian additionally to that machine, the old (already existing) LVM will be wiped out! The same counts for partitions, which are (for any reason) misleadingly marked with an LVM type code, but contain something different (like an encrypted volume). You need to remove such disks from the system, before performing a new LVM setup!

When you return to the main partman screen, you will see a new option Configure the Logical Volume Manager. When you select that, you will first be asked to confirm pending changes to the partition table (if any) and after that the LVM configuration menu will be shown. Above the menu a summary of the LVM configuration is shown. The menu itself is context sensitive and only shows valid actions. The possible actions are:

Use the options in that menu to first create a volume group and then create your logical volumes inside it.

After you return to the main partman screen, any created logical volumes will be displayed in the same way as ordinary partitions (and you should treat them as such).

debian-installer allows you to set up encrypted partitions. Every file you write to such a partition is immediately saved to the device in encrypted form. Access to the encrypted data is granted only after entering the passphrase used when the encrypted partition was originally created. This feature is useful to protect sensitive data in case your laptop or hard drive gets stolen. The thief might get physical access to the hard drive, but without knowing the right passphrase, the data on the hard drive will look like random characters.

The two most important partitions to encrypt are: the home partition, where your private data resides, and the swap partition, where sensitive data might be stored temporarily during operation. Of course, nothing prevents you from encrypting any other partitions that might be of interest. For example /var where database servers, mail servers or print servers store their data, or /tmp which is used by various programs to store potentially interesting temporary files. Some people may even want to encrypt their whole system. Generally the only exception here is the /boot partition which must remain unencrypted, because historically there was no way to load the kernel from an encrypted partition. (GRUB is now able to do that, but debian-installer currently lacks native support for encrypted /boot. The setup is therefore covered in a separate document.)

	注意
	Please note that the performance of encrypted partitions will be less than that of unencrypted ones because the data needs to be decrypted or encrypted for every read or write. The performance impact depends on your CPU speed, chosen cipher and a key length.

To use encryption, you have to create a new partition by selecting some free space in the main partitioning menu. Another option is to choose an existing partition (e.g. a regular partition, an LVM logical volume or a RAID volume). In the Partition settings menu, you need to select physical volume for encryption at the Use as: option. The menu will then change to include several cryptographic options for the partition.

The encryption method supported by debian-installer is dm-crypt (included in newer Linux kernels, able to host LVM physical volumes).

Let's have a look at the options available when you select encryption via Device-mapper (dm-crypt). As always: when in doubt, use the defaults, because they have been carefully chosen with security in mind.

After you have selected the desired parameters for your encrypted partitions, return back to the main partitioning menu. There should now be a new menu item called Configure encrypted volumes. After you select it, you will be asked to confirm the deletion of data on partitions marked to be erased and possibly other actions such as writing a new partition table. For large partitions this might take some time.

Next you will be asked to enter a passphrase for partitions configured to use one. Good passphrases should be longer than 8 characters, should be a mixture of letters, numbers and other characters and should not contain common dictionary words or information easily associable with you (such as birthdates, hobbies, pet names, names of family members or relatives, etc.).

警告

Before you input any passphrases, you should have made sure that your keyboard is configured correctly and generates the expected characters. If you are unsure, you can switch to the second virtual console and type some text at the prompt. This ensures that you won't be surprised later, e.g. by trying to input a passphrase using a qwerty keyboard layout when you used an azerty layout during the installation. This situation can have several causes. Maybe you switched to another keyboard layout during the installation, or the selected keyboard layout might not have been set up yet when entering the passphrase for the root file system.

If you selected to use methods other than a passphrase to create encryption keys, they will be generated now. Because the kernel may not have gathered a sufficient amount of entropy at this early stage of the installation, the process may take a long time. You can help speed up the process by generating entropy: e.g. by pressing random keys, or by switching to the shell on the second virtual console and generating some network and disk traffic (downloading some files, feeding big files into /dev/null, etc.). This will be repeated for each partition to be encrypted.

After returning to the main partitioning menu, you will see all encrypted volumes as additional partitions which can be configured in the same way as ordinary partitions. The following example shows a volume encrypted via dm-crypt.

Encrypted volume (sda2_crypt) - 115.1 GB Linux device-mapper
     #1 115.1 GB  F ext3

Now is the time to assign mount points to the volumes and optionally change the file system types if the defaults do not suit you.

Pay attention to the identifiers in parentheses (sda2_crypt in this case) and the mount points you assigned to each encrypted volume. You will need this information later when booting the new system. The differences between the ordinary boot process and the boot process with encryption involved will be covered later in 節 7.2, “Mounting encrypted volumes”.

Once you are satisfied with the partitioning scheme, continue with the installation.

One of the tools used to install packages on a Debian GNU/Linux system is the program apt, from the apt package^[11]. Other front-ends for package management, like aptitude and synaptic, are also in use. These front-ends are recommended for new users, since they integrate some additional features (package searching and status checks) in a nice user interface.

apt must be configured so that it knows from where to retrieve packages. The results of this configuration are written to the file /etc/apt/sources.list. You can examine and edit this file to your liking after the installation is complete.

If you are installing at default priority, the installer will largely take care of the configuration automatically, based on the installation method you are using and possibly using choices made earlier in the installation. In most cases the installer will automatically add a security mirror and, if you are installing the stable distribution, a mirror for the “stable-updates” service.

If you are installing at a lower priority (e.g. in expert mode), you will be able to make more decisions yourself. You can choose whether or not to use the security and/or stable-updates services, and you can choose to add packages from the “contrib”, “non-free”, and “non-free-firmware” sections of the archive.

6.3.6.1.1. Installing from more than one DVD image

If you are installing from a DVD image that is part of a larger set, the installer will ask if you want to scan additional installation media. If you have such additional media available, you probably want to do this so the installer can use the packages included on them.

If you do not have any additional media, that is no problem: using them is not required. If you also do not use a network mirror (as explained in the next section), it can mean that not all packages belonging to the tasks you select in the next step of the installation can be installed.

注意

Packages are included on DVD images in the order of their popularity. This means that for most uses only the first image of a set is needed and that only very few people actually use any of the packages included on the last images of a set. It also means that buying or downloading and burning a full DVD set is just a waste of money as you'll never use most of them. In most cases you are better off getting only the first 1 to 2 DVDs and installing any additional packages you may need from the Internet by using a mirror.

If you do scan multiple installation media, the installer will prompt you to exchange them when it needs packages from one that isn't currently in the drive. Note that only discs that belong to the same set should be scanned. The order in which they are scanned does not really matter, but scanning them in ascending order will reduce the chance of mistakes.

During the installation process, you are given the opportunity to select additional software to install. Rather than picking individual software packages from the 96607 available packages, this stage of the installation process focuses on selecting and installing predefined collections of software to quickly set up your computer to perform various tasks.

These tasks loosely represent a number of different jobs or things you want to do with your computer, such as “Desktop environment”, “Web server”, or “SSH server”^[12]. 節 D.2, “各軟體集所需的磁碟空間” lists the space requirements for the available tasks.

Some tasks may be pre-selected based on the characteristics of the computer you are installing. If you disagree with these selections you can deselect them. You can even opt to install no tasks at all at this point.

	提示
	In the standard user interface of the installer, you can use the space bar to toggle selection of a task.

注意

The “Desktop environment” task will install a graphical desktop environment. By default, debian-installer installs the Gnome desktop environment. It is possible to interactively select a different desktop environment during the installation. It is also possible to install multiple desktops, but some combinations of desktop may not be co-installable. Note that this will only work if the packages needed for the desired desktop environment are actually available. Installing any of the available desktop environments this way should work fine if you are using a DVD image or any other installation method with a network mirror.

The various server tasks will install software roughly as follows. Web server: apache2; SSH server: openssh.

The “Standard system utilities” task will install any package that has a priority “standard”. This includes a lot of common utilities that are normally available on any Linux or Unix system. You should leave this task selected unless you know what you are doing and want a really minimal system.

If during language selection a default locale other than the “C” locale was selected, tasksel will check if any localization tasks are defined for that locale and will automatically try to install relevant localization packages. This includes for example packages containing word lists or special fonts for your language. If a desktop environment was selected, it will also install appropriate localization packages for that (if available).

Once you've selected your tasks, select Continue. At this point, apt will install the packages that are part of the selected tasks. If a particular program needs more information from the user, it will prompt you during this process.

You should be aware that especially the Desktop task is very large. Especially when installing from a netinst CD image in combination with a mirror for packages not on the netinst, the installer may want to retrieve a lot of packages over the network. If you have a relatively slow Internet connection, this can take a long time. There is no option to cancel the installation of packages once it has started.

Even when packages are included on the installation image, the installer may still retrieve them from the mirror if the version available on the mirror is more recent than the one included on the image. If you are installing the stable distribution, this can happen after a point release (an update of the original stable release); if you are installing the testing distribution this will happen if you are using an older image.

在啟動開機器安裝之前，安裝程式會試著偵測已經安裝到電腦上的其他作業系統。如果它找到支援的作業系統，您將在啟動開機器安裝步驟裡得到提示，與 Debian 一起，電腦也將設定為可以啟動其他作業系統。

注意，從單機上啟動多個作業系統仍然是種魔術。自動偵測和設定 boot-loader 啟動其他作業系統的功能會依硬體架構甚至是子架構而不同。如果它不能運作，您應該參考 boot-loader 的文件以瞭解更多資訊。

The amd64 boot loader is called “grub”. Grub is a flexible and robust boot loader and a good default choice for new users and old hands alike.

By default, grub will be installed on the UEFI partition/the Boot Record of the primary drive, where it will take over complete control of the boot process. If you prefer, you can install it elsewhere. See the grub manual for complete information.

If you do not want to install grub, use the Go Back button to get to the main menu, and from there select whatever bootloader you would like to use.

該選項用於完成安裝而不安裝 boot-loader，這種情況可能是硬體架構/子架構不支援，或是因為不想要 (例如，您想使用已經存在的 boot-loader)。

如果您打算手動設定 boot-loader，您需要檢查安裝在 /target/boot的核心名稱。您還需要檢查 initrd 存在的目錄﹔如果存在，也許需要指定 bootloader 使用它。其相關資訊包括為 / 檔案系統選擇磁碟和分割區，並且，如果您打算安裝 /boot 到一個獨立的分割區，還需要 /boot 檔案系統。

The installer may ask you if the computer's clock is set to UTC. Normally this question is avoided if possible and the installer tries to work out whether the clock is set to UTC based on things like what other operating systems are installed.

In expert mode you will always be able to choose whether or not the clock is set to UTC. Systems that (also) run Windows are normally set to local time. If you want to dual-boot, select local time instead of UTC.

At this point debian-installer will also attempt to save the current time to the system's hardware clock. This will be done either in UTC or local time, depending on the selection that was just made.

You will be prompted to remove the boot media (CD, USB stick, etc) that you used to boot the installer. After that the system will be rebooted into your new Debian system.

If the installation is successful, the logfiles created during the installation process will be automatically saved to /var/log/installer/ on your new Debian system.

Choosing Save debug logs from the main menu allows you to save the log files to a USB stick, network, hard disk, or other media. This can be useful if you encounter fatal problems during the installation and wish to study the logs on another system or attach them to an installation report.

There are several methods you can use to get a shell while running an installation. On most systems, and if you are not installing over serial console, the easiest method is to switch to the second virtual console by pressing Left Alt+F2^[13] (on a Mac keyboard, Option+F2). Use Left Alt+F1 to switch back to the installer itself.

For the graphical installer see also 節 6.1.1, “Using the graphical installer”.

If you cannot switch consoles, there is also an Execute a Shell item on the main menu that can be used to start a shell. You can get to the main menu from most dialogs by using the Go Back button one or more times. Type exit to close the shell and return to the installer.

At this point you are booted from the RAM disk, and there is a limited set of Unix utilities available for your use. You can see what programs are available with the command ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin and by typing help. The shell is a Bourne shell clone called ash and has some nice features like autocompletion and history.

To edit and view files, use the text editor nano. Log files for the installation system can be found in the /var/log directory.

注意

Although you can do basically anything in a shell that the available commands allow you to do, the option to use a shell is really only there in case something goes wrong and for debugging. Doing things manually from the shell may interfere with the installation process and result in errors or an incomplete installation. In particular, you should always use let the installer activate your swap partition and not do this yourself from a shell.